Polonnaruwa: A Glimpse into Sri Lanka’s Ancient Civilization

Polonnaruwa, located in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka, is one of the most historically and culturally significant cities in the country. It served as the capital of Sri Lanka during the 11th and 12th centuries, during which time it was a thriving center of political power, culture, and religion. Today, Polonnaruwa is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, attracting visitors from around the world to explore its well-preserved ancient ruins, including stunning temples, royal palaces, and intricate sculptures. The city offers a window into the past, showcasing the architectural and artistic achievements of ancient Sri Lanka.

Historical Significance

Polonnaruwa became the capital of Sri Lanka after the fall of Anuradhapura, the previous capital, in the 10th century. The city rose to prominence under the reign of King Vijayabahu I, who successfully united the country after the Chola occupation and re-established Sinhalese rule. However, it was under King Parakramabahu I (1153–1186 AD) that Polonnaruwa truly flourished. Parakramabahu I was a visionary ruler known for his ambition to make Sri Lanka self-sufficient, which led to the construction of an extensive irrigation system that transformed the region into a prosperous agricultural hub.

During this period, Polonnaruwa became a political and cultural center, boasting grand architectural works and religious monuments, many of which remain intact today. The city continued to be a key center of power even after Parakramabahu’s reign, though it eventually fell into decline due to invasions, neglect, and changing political circumstances.

Polonnaruwa’s Attractions

1. The Royal Palace Complex

The Royal Palace of Polonnaruwa was the official residence of the kings and a symbol of the city’s grandeur. Though most of the palace has been reduced to ruins, several key structures remain, including the impressive walls and the remains of the king’s council chamber. The site offers a glimpse into the lavish lifestyle of the kings and the importance of the monarchy in Sri Lankan society during this period.

2. The Gal Vihara (Rock Temple)

The Gal Vihara is one of the most famous landmarks in Polonnaruwa, known for its rock-cut sculptures of the Buddha. The temple features four statues of the Buddha in different postures: seated, standing, and reclining. The most remarkable of these is the 14-meter-long reclining Buddha, which is an exceptional example of the artistry of ancient Sri Lankan sculptors. The Gal Vihara is considered one of the finest examples of Buddhist rock art in Sri Lanka.

3. The Parakrama Samudra (The Sea of Parakrama)

The Parakrama Samudra is an immense man-made reservoir built during the reign of King Parakramabahu I. It covers an area of over 2,500 hectares and is one of the largest and most impressive irrigation works of ancient Sri Lanka. The reservoir was designed to store rainwater, ensuring a steady supply for agriculture, and it is an essential part of the region’s water management system.

4. The Rankoth Vehera

The Rankoth Vehera is a large, ancient stupa built by King Parakramabahu I. With a height of around 55 meters, it is one of the tallest stupas in Sri Lanka. The stupa is an excellent example of the architectural skills of the time and is surrounded by smaller monuments, including a series of stone pillars and a large Buddhist image house. The stupa remains an important religious site for Buddhists today.

5. The Tivanka Image House

The Tivanka Image House is known for its distinctive architecture and ancient frescoes. The building houses a collection of stunning murals depicting Buddhist tales, including scenes from the life of the Buddha. The frescoes are considered one of the finest examples of medieval Sri Lankan art.

6. The Shiva Devale

The Shiva Devale is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is one of the most significant Hindu religious sites in the region and is part of the larger archaeological complex of Polonnaruwa. The temple’s architecture showcases the influence of Tamil and Dravidian traditions, which were prominent during the Chola rule of the island.

7. The Lotus Pond

The Lotus Pond is a beautifully designed water feature located in the Royal Palace complex. Its design, which incorporates stone carvings of lotus flowers and intricate drainage systems, reflects the advanced architectural and engineering techniques used during the reign of Parakramabahu I.

Polonnaruwa’s Role in Sri Lankan Buddhism

Buddhism has always been an integral part of Polonnaruwa’s identity, and much of its grandeur can be attributed to the religious devotion of its rulers. The kings of Polonnaruwa, especially Parakramabahu I, were dedicated to promoting Buddhism and its teachings. As a result, numerous stupas, image houses, and other Buddhist monuments were constructed during this period. The Gal Vihara and other temples in Polonnaruwa are still active pilgrimage sites, where Buddhists come to pray and pay homage to the Buddha.

The Decline of Polonnaruwa

Polonnaruwa’s decline began in the late 12th century due to several factors, including invasions from South India and the shifting political landscape in Sri Lanka. In the 13th century, the capital was moved to the southwestern region of the island, and Polonnaruwa fell into relative obscurity. Over time, the city was abandoned, and nature slowly overtook the grand monuments that had once symbolized its prosperity. It was not until the 19th century that efforts to restore the site began, as interest in Sri Lanka’s ancient heritage grew.

Modern-Day Polonnaruwa

Today, Polonnaruwa is a major tourist destination and an important archaeological site. The ruins are well-preserved, thanks to restoration efforts, and they provide a remarkable glimpse into Sri Lanka’s rich cultural heritage. The Polonnaruwa Archaeological Museum offers visitors a chance to learn more about the history and significance of the ruins, with artifacts and exhibits related to the city’s ancient past.

In addition to its archaeological significance, Polonnaruwa is located within a stunning natural environment. The surrounding area is home to lush greenery, wildlife, and other natural attractions, such as the Minneriya National Park, which is famous for its large elephant herds.

Conclusion

Polonnaruwa stands as a testament to Sri Lanka’s ancient civilization and the artistic and engineering accomplishments of its people. From its grand monuments and intricate sculptures to its advanced irrigation systems, the city reflects the heights of political, cultural, and religious achievement during its heyday. Today, Polonnaruwa is not only a UNESCO World Heritage Site but also a living reminder of Sri Lanka’s rich and diverse history. Visitors to the city are transported back in time, experiencing the legacy of a civilization that flourished over 1,000 years ago.